Quality Water Treatment Agent & Water Treatment PAC factory

Introduction Polyaluminum chloride (PAC) is a widely used coagulant in water treatment processes. Known for its effectiveness in removing impurities and improving water quality, PAC has become essential in municipal water treatment facilities, industrial applications, and more. In this article, we’ll explore what PAC is, its benefits, applications, and why it’s a preferred choice for water treatment.   What is Polyaluminum Chloride? Polyaluminum chloride is a chemical compound made from aluminum oxide and hydrochloric acid. It is a coagulant that works by destabilizing suspended particles in water, allowing them to clump together and settle out of the solution. PAC is available in various forms, including solid, liquid, and powder.   Benefits of Using PAC 1.Effective Coagulation: PAC is highly efficient in removing turbidity and suspended solids from water, making it suitable for a wide range of applications. 2.Lower Dosage Requirement: Compared to traditional coagulants like alum, PAC requires a lower dosage, which can reduce chemical costs and minimize sludge production. 3.Improved Settling Properties: The larger flocs formed by PAC lead to better settling and separation, improving the overall efficiency of water treatment processes. 4.Versatility: PAC is effective in various water types, including surface water, groundwater, and wastewater, making it a versatile choice for different treatment scenarios.   Applications of Polyaluminum Chloride Municipal Water Treatment: PAC is commonly used in drinking water treatment to remove impurities and improve clarity. Wastewater Treatment: In industrial applications, PAC helps in the treatment of wastewater, reducing contaminants before discharge. Pulp and Paper Industry: PAC is used in the paper production process to enhance fiber retention and improve drainage. Food and Beverage Industry: It is also employed in food processing for water treatment, ensuring compliance with health and safety standards.   How to Choose the Right PAC for Your Needs When selecting polyaluminum chloride, consider the following factors: Water Quality: Assess the specific water quality parameters to determine the appropriate type and dosage of PAC. Application Requirements: Different applications may require specific formulations of PAC for optimal performance. Supplier Reputation: Choose a reliable supplier that offers high-quality PAC products to ensure effective water treatment. Conclusion Polyaluminum chloride is a powerful and versatile coagulant that plays a crucial role in water treatment. Its effectiveness, cost efficiency, and adaptability make it a preferred choice for various applications. If you’re looking for high-quality PAC for your water treatment needs, contact us today to learn more about our products and how they can benefit your operations.

  During 5th-7th June, Lanyao Water Treatment Agent Co., Ltd. attended Aqu Tech 2023 Shanghai Exhibition in Shanghai China. Thanks for your visiting our booth. We had met many friends there and had a nice talk with them. Happy to give them technical support and effective solutions based on their needs.                              

In recent news, liquid polyaluminum chloride (PAC), a chemical compound with a chemical formula of AlCl3, has emerged as a crucial agent in various water treatment applications. This colorless or light yellow liquid, soluble in water, alcohols, and ethers, boasts remarkable chemical stability and a wide range of utilities, making it a significant player in the environmental protection sector. PAC liquid is known for its strong corrosion resistance and high hygroscopicity, which means it can quickly absorb moisture from its surroundings. Its appearance, typically as a clear liquid without particles or precipitates, serves as an important indicator of its quality. Any particles or precipitates could indicate impurity or improper storage. The humidity level of PAC should generally be maintained below 80% to ensure optimal performance. In the realm of water treatment, PAC liquid is extensively used for treating domestic drinking water, industrial water supply, oilfield reinjection water, circulating cooling water, and various types of wastewater, including municipal sewage, oily wastewater, printing and dyeing wastewater, papermaking wastewater, and steel plant wastewater for decolorization. Its ability to effectively remove suspended solids, color, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and heavy metal ions such as arsenic and mercury makes it indispensable in the purification process. Moreover, PAC liquid finds applications in papermaking as a sizing and precipitating agent, in sugar refining as a decolorizing and clarifying agent, and in various other industries such as tanning, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and casting. Its versatility extends to the recovery of useful substances from industrial wastewater and waste residues, enhancing the settlement of coal powder in coal washing wastewater, and recovering starch in the starch manufacturing industry. The preparation methods of PAC liquid are diverse, encompassing acid, alkali, neutralization, pyrolysis, gelation, electrolysis, galvanic cell, and membrane processes. Among these, the acid method, which involves dissolving aluminum-containing raw materials in hydrochloric acid and then polymerizing under controlled conditions, is widely adopted due to its rapid reaction speed, low equipment investment, simplicity, and ease of operation. However, this method may result in higher impurity levels, especially metal content, and requires careful handling due to safety concerns associated with hydrogen, hydrochloric acid, steam, and dust emissions. The market for PAC liquid is experiencing growth due to increasing environmental awareness and stricter regulatory requirements for water treatment. According to recent market research, the size of the PAC industry in China was approximately 3.4 billion yuan in 2023, with a production and demand volume of approximately 2.202 million tons and 2.150 million tons, respectively. This growth is driven by the expansion of urbanization, the rising demand for municipal wastewater treatment, and the increasing need for clean water in water treatment plants. With its superior flocculation and precipitation capabilities, wide pH range applicability, and low corrosion to piping equipment, PAC liquid is poised to play a pivotal role in the future of water treatment. As research and technology continue to advance, the applications and effectiveness of PAC liquid are expected to expand, further solidifying its position as a key agent in environmental protection and water purification. In summary, liquid polyaluminum chloride, with its diverse applications and significant contributions to water treatment, is not only a crucial component in ensuring clean and safe water but also a testament to the ongoing advancements in environmental technology.

For urban sewage treatment plants in China, most of them are located in important river basins, so the effluent standards are also very high, usually using the first level standard A. The purpose is also to make the treated water regenerative.   From the perspective of technical feasibility and economic rationality, the removal of COD, BOD5, nitrogen, and phosphorus should be completed as much as possible within the secondary biological treatment process unit of sewage, especially for the removal of TN and NH3-N. Secondary water treatment should ensure sufficient removal rates of organic matter, suspended solids, and nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients. Generally, biological phosphorus removal and biological nitrification or denitrification methods are used. In some specific scenarios, chemical reactions may also be used to synergistically remove phosphorus. As for some special trace pollutants or toxic and harmful substances, they should be controlled at the source of industrial enterprises as much as possible, and if necessary, treatment units targeting water quality indicators should be set up in the deep treatment process.   In the advanced treatment after the secondary enhanced water treatment, the filtration process should be the core unit, and coagulation and sedimentation should be the strengthening means to efficiently remove suspended solids and colloidal substances, reduce the turbidity of the treated water, and eliminate some pathogens. If necessary, chemical phosphorus removal can be achieved by adjusting the dosage of coagulants such as polyaluminum chloride or polyferric sulphate. Advanced treatment is the selection unit for standard deep treatment, which uses physical, chemical, or biological methods to more fully remove certain specific components in water, such as denitrification filters to remove nitrate nitrogen, activated carbon adsorption and ozonation to remove male biodegradable organic matter, decolorization, and reverse osmosis to remove dissolved solids. Disinfection treatment is an essential unit for achieving standards and the final unit of advanced treatment processes. Its function is to use physical, chemical, or biological methods to remove and inactivate various pathogens in water.   Next, let's discuss the composition of the basic process flow for achieving Level A stability standards. The basic process flow is secondary strengthening treatment+chemical coagulation precipitation+media filtration+disinfection. The chemical coagulation precipitation filtration process includes the following three main combination methods. 1. Coagulation sedimentation filtration is divided into rapid mixing+flocculation+sedimentation+filtration. Rapid mixing is completed in a rapid mixing tank or inlet pipeline, and after flocculation reaction, it is settled in a clarification tank. The settled water enters the filter tank for filtration. In cases where the SS of the secondary treatment effluent is unstable or chemical phosphorus removal is required, this process combination needs to be adopted to ensure the comprehensive stability and compliance of the effluent. 2. Chemical flocculation filtration is divided into rapid mixing+flocculation+filtration. Rapid mixing is completed in the rapid mixing tank or inlet pipeline, and after a certain period of flocculation reaction, it enters the filter directly without sedimentation. Generally, polyaluminum chloride or aluminum sulfate are used as chemical phosphorus removal agents.   Finally, as a manufacturer of chemical coagulants, Lan Yao would like to emphasize some operational details of chemical coagulation treatment. The core purpose of setting up a chemical coagulant dosing system in the deep processing process is to improve the particle removal performance of subsequent filtration processes, in order to enhance the removal of suspended solids, colloidal substances, phosphates, and pathogens. Coagulants include polyaluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, polyferric sulfate, polyaluminum ferric chloride, lime, and high molecular weight polymers. If the deep processing technology system can stably meet the TP removal requirements and 3 NTU turbidity without adding chemical agents, the coagulant dosing system is allowed to stop running, but the chemical agent dosing system must be kept running at least twice a month to ensure that the entire dosing system can be put into normal operation when needed. If the granular filter material filtration process is adopted after the coagulation process, the chemical coagulation process should at least meet the following points (here we take polyaluminum chloride as an example). The first point is to continuously monitor and record the turbidity value of the effluent from biological treatment, so that the subsequent equipment for adding polyaluminum chloride can automatically adjust the dosage of polyaluminum chloride according to changes in the incoming water quality. Secondly, in addition to micro flocculation filtration, chemical treatment facilities including rapid mixing and flocculation tanks should be provided in the design, and intermediate sedimentation facilities should be added if necessary to ensure that the subsequent filtration water quality requirements can be met under all operating conditions. The third point is that each processing unit of the deep processing facility should be equipped with at least two sets to ensure continuous regeneration treatment when one set of equipment is shut down for maintenance, upkeep, or backwashing. The fourth point is that while adding polyaluminum chloride, sufficient initial rapid mixing or equivalent measures should be provided to ensure the effective diffusion and efficient utilization of polyaluminum chloride in wastewater, and promote the efficient completion of subsequent flocculation reactions. The fifth point is that in the flocculation reaction tank, it is generally necessary to provide a mode that promotes the formation of floc particles. To control the turbulence or stirring intensity of the water flow through slow stirring, it is necessary to prevent both the sedimentation of floc particles and the fragmentation and disintegration of flocs. The sixth point is that insufficient coagulation time must not occur in process control to prevent further coagulation in the filtered water and affect the quality of the effluent.

Differences between CPAM, NPAM, APAM   1、Structure difference   CPAM: A linear polymer compound, because it has a variety of active groups, can be compatible with many substances, adsorption to form hydrogen bonds. Mainly because of the flocculent, negatively charged colloids.   APAM：It is a water-soluble polymer, mainly used for the flocculation settlement of various industrial wastewater, precipitation and clarification treatment, such as steel plant wastewater, electroplating plant wastewater, metallurgical wastewater, coal washing wastewater and other sewage treatment, sludge dewatering, etc. It can also be used for drinking water clarification and purification treatment. Because its molecular chain contains a certain number of polar groups, which can adsorb solid particles suspended in water, make the bridge between particles or through charge neutralization particles to form a large flocculation, so it can accelerate the settlement of the particles in the suspension, there is very obvious to accelerate the clarification of the solution, promote filtration and other effects.   NPAM：It is a polymer or polyelectrolyte, whose molecular chain contains a certain amount of polarity gene can adsorb solid particles suspended in water, so that the particle bridge to form a large flocculation. It accelerates the settlement of particles in the suspension, has a very obvious to accelerate the clarification of the solution, promote filtration and other effects. Because the molecular chain contains amide group or ion gene, it is characterized by a high hydrophilic character, which can be dissolved in water in various proportions. Polyacrylamide aqueous solution has a good tolerance to electrolyte, such as amine chloride and sodium sulfate, which are not sensitive and are compatible with surfactants.   2、Application difference   -Application of NPAM Sewage treatment agent: when the suspended sewage is acidic, using nonionic polyacrylamide and flocculant is more appropriate. This is the PAM adsorption bridge role, so that the suspended particles produce flocculation precipitation, to achieve the purpose of purifying sewage. It can also be used for the purification of tap water, especially combined with inorganic flocculant, with the best effect in water treatment. Textile industrial additives: adding some chemicals can be allocated to chemical data, used for textile sizing. Sand fixation: the non-ionic polyacrylamide into 0.3% concentration and crosslinking agent, spraying on the desert can play the role of sand fixation. Soil moisturizer: used as a soil moisturizer and various modified polyacrylamides.   -Apllication of CPAM Sludge dewatering: according to the dirty nature of the product can be selected from the corresponding brand, can be effectively gravity sludge dewatering before the sludge into the pressure filtration. When dehydration, the catkins is large, does not stick the filter cloth, does not stray, the dosage is small, the dehydration efficiency is high, the moisture content of mud cake is below 80%. Sewage and organic wastewater treatment: this product in acidic or alkaline medium are Yang electric, the sewage suspended particles with Yin charge sewage flocculation precipitation, clarification is extremely effective, such as alcohol factory wastewater, brewery wastewater, monosodium glutamate factory wastewater, sugar factory wastewater, meat factory wastewater, beverage factory, textile dyeing factory wastewater, with cationic polyacrylamide than with anionic polyacrylamide, nonionic polyacrylamide or inorganic salt effect several times or dozens of times, because this kind of wastewater generally with Yin charge. Water plant water treatment flocculant: the product has the characteristics of less dosage, good effect, low cost, farewell is to match the use of inorganic flocculant effect is better. Oilfield chemicals: such as clay anti-expansion agent, thickening agent for oilfield acidification, etc. Paper aid: cationic PAM paper enhancer is a water-soluble cationic polymer containing carbamyl group, which has the functions of enhancement, retention and filtration, and can effectively improve the strength of paper. The product is also a highly effective dispersant.   -Application of APAM   Industrial wastewater treatment: for suspended particles, comparison, high concentration, particles with Yang charge, water PH value of neutral or alkaline sewage, iron and steel plant wastewater, electroplating plant wastewater, metallurgical wastewater, coal washing wastewater and other wastewater treatment, the best effect. Drinking water treatment: many water plants of water source from rivers, the sediment and mineral content is high, turbidity, although after precipitation filtration, still cannot meet the requirements, need to add flocculant, add amount is 1 / 50 of inorganic flocculant, but the effect is several times of inorganic flocculant, for organic pollution serious river water can use inorganic flocculant and cationic polyacrylamide use better. Starch factory and alcohol factory loss of starch distiller's grains recycling: now a lot of starch factory wastewater containing starch, now add anionic polyacrylamide, make starch particles flocculating precipitation, then the precipitation through the press filter into cake, can be used as feed, alcohol factory alcohol can also use anionic polyacrylamide dehydration, filter for recycling. Technical indicators of the PAM   The technical indicators of polyacrylamide generally include molecular weight, hydrolysis degree, ionic degree, viscosity, residual monomer content, etc., so the quality of PAM can also be judged from these indicators   1、Molecular The molecular weight of PAM is very high and has improved greatly in recent years. PAM applied in the 1970s generally had millions of molecular weights; after the 1980s, the molecular weight of most efficient PAM was above 15 million, and some reached 20 million. Each of these PAM molecules is formed by the polymerization of more than 100,000 acrylamide or acrylamide sodium acrylate (the molecular weight of acrylamide is 71, and the molecular weight of PAM containing 100,000 monomers is 7.1 million). Generally, PAM has better flocculation, with acrylamide of 71 and PAM containing 100,000 monomers of 7.1 million. The molecular weight of polyacrylamide and its derivatives ranges from hundreds of thousands to more than 10 million. According to the molecular mass, it can be divided into low molecular weight (less than 1 million), medium molecular weight (1 million ~ 10 million), high molecular weight (10 million ~ 15 million), and super molecular weight (more than 15 million).   2、Hydrolysis&ionicity The ionicity of PAM has a great impact on its use effect, but its appropriate value depends on the type and nature of the material treated, and there will be different best values in different cases. If the ionic strength of the treated material is higher (including more inorganic matter), the ionic degree of the PAM used should be higher, otherwise it should be lower. Usually, aniicity is called hydrolysis. And the ionicity generally refers to the cation. Degree of inonicity=n/(m+n)*100%   3、Residual monomer The residual monomer content of PAM refers to the acrylamide monomer content with no complete reaction and finally remaining in the polyacrylamide products in the process of polymerization of acrylamide into polyacrylamide, which is an important parameter to measure whether it is applicable to the food industry. Polyacrylamide is nontoxic, but acrylamide has some toxicity. In the industrial polyacrylamide, it is inevitable to leave a trace amount of unpolymerized acrylamide monomer. Therefore, the residual monomer content in the PAM product must be strictly controlled. International regulation, the content of residual monomer in PAM used in drinking water and food industry shall not exceed 0.05%. This value of the foreign famous products is less than 0.03%.   4、Viscosity The PAM solution is very thick. Higher molecular weight of PAM has greater solution viscosity. This is because PAM macro-molecules are long, thin chains with great resistance to movement in solution. The essence of viscosity is the size of the friction force in the solution, also known as the internal friction coefficient. The viscosity of solutions of various polymer organic matter is higher and increases with increasing molecular weight. A method to determine the molecular weight of polymer organic matter is to determine the viscosity of a certain concentration of solution under certain conditions, and then calculate its molecular weight according to a certain formula, which is called "sticky average molecular weigh. The selection of PAM Polyacrylamide can be divided into non-ionic, anionic and cationic polyacrylamide types according to its ionic characteristics. According to the molecular weight of different specifications of molecular weight, ionomicity derived many models, in the face of the market disorderly specifications system, for their own sewage system preferred the best polyacrylamide model is really very difficult. As that, getting sewage or sludge polyacrylicyl selection of common problems makes a big difference. 1、Understand the source of the sludge Sludge is an inevitable product of sewage treatment. First of all, we should understand the source, nature, composition and solid content of sludge. According to the different main components of sludge, sludge can be divided into organic sludge and inorganic sludge. Generally speaking, cationic polyacrylamide is used for the treatment of organic sludge, anionic polyacrylamide is used for the treatment of inorganic sludge, cationic polyacrylamide is not easy when the alkaline is strong, and anionic polyacrylamide should not be used when the acid is strong, the solid content of sludge is high, usually the amount of polyacrylamide is large.   2、The molecular weight selection of the polyacrylamide Polyacrylamide molecular weight refers to the length of molecular chain, polyacrylamide molecular weight between 500-18 million, in general, the higher the molecular weight of polyacrylamide products, viscosity, however, when in use, not the higher the molecular weight products, the better the effect, specific in use, according to the actual application industry, water quality, processing equipment conditions, to decide the appropriate polyacrylamide molecular weight. Polyacrylamide is a polymer coagulant, which can be divided into low molecular weight ( 7 million). Polyacrylamide is used in wastewater treatment, with a molecular weight ranging from millions to tens of millions of polymer water-soluble organic polymers. Domestic polymeric polyacrylamide are: non-ionic polyacrylamide (NPAM, molecular weight 8-15 million), anionic polyacrylamide (APAM, molecular weight 8-20 million), cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM, molecular weight 8-12 million, ionicity 10% -80%).If the coagulant is used, the higher the molecular weight, the closer the catkins, the less the drug, but the molecular weight of anionic polyacrylamide is recommended not to exceed 20 million. If in terms of sludge dewatering. Using the belt filter press, the general molecular weight can not be too high, if the molecular weight is very high, it may cause the filter cloth blockage, affect the dehydration effect; for example, you use the centrifugal filter press, the molecular weight requirements should be higher, because the centrifugal filter press requires the catkins to shear as far as possible, so we should choose a relatively high molecular weight products.   3.Ionomicity selection of the polyacrylamide species For the dehydrated sludge, flocculants with different ion degrees can be screened through small experiments to select the best and appropriate polyacrylamide, so that the best flocculant effect can be achieved, and the minimum amount of dosage can be added and save the cost. Key to ionic selection: The size of the flocculant Catculent strength (moisture content） Mix of the polyacrylamide with the sludge sludge The dissolution of the polyacrylamide solution

China is the largest aquaculture country in the world. According to statistics from the Ministry of Agriculture in 2019, the total output of aquatic products in my country was 64.802 million tons. While my country's aquaculture industry has made great achievements, the direct discharge of a large amount of aquaculture wastewater has also caused surrounding Water pollution; In recent years, outbreaks of diseases and large-scale deaths of freshwater fish, marine shrimps, shellfish, etc. have occurred frequently, making people realize that the research and development of aquaculture water purification technology is becoming more and more important.   Main source of wastewater -Autologous wastewater -Domestic and industrial wastewater -Overuse of Aquaculture drugs/chemicals   Aquaculture wastewater mainly includes the following substances: one is inorganic pollutants, represented by nutrients such as N and P and suspended particles. Extensive use of feed, excrement of aquatic products, algae and microorganisms; these will seriously affect the water body and adjacent waters of the dog breeder, create eutrophication of the water body, destroy the ecosystem structure and function of the breeder watershed, and lead to ecological imbalance . The second is organic pollutants, represented by disease microorganisms and chemical oxygen demand (COD). They mainly come from the part of feed and fertilizer not absorbed by aquatic products, the metabolic excrement of aquatic products, dead debris, etc., which will cause a sharp increase in the number of chemically required oxygen and pathogenic microorganisms in the water, such as Escherichia coli, Toxobacter, parasites, viruses, Fungi, etc. They can affect the longevity of aquatic products in the slightest, and cause disease pollution in severe cases, and may cause cross-infection of diseases through the discharge of wastewater.   Solutions: The primary treatment capacity of adding coagulant shows that it improves the suspension in water. The removal rate of mechanical substances and colloids can improve the quality of primary effluent and reduce the organic loads for subsequent processing to save investment and operating costs.   The popular chemicals we usually choose are Polyaluminium Chloride(PAC), Polyaluminium Ferric Chloride（PAFC), Polyferric Sulphate(PFS), Polyacrylamide(Pam) and sodium hypochlorite(NaClO). If combined with the ultra-fine flotation equipment and the physical and chemical combination technology of front-end dosing, the decentralized and periodic aquaculture tail water treatment will become very efficient. In the case of adding 40 mg.L-1 of PAC, 2 mg.L-1 of PAM and 30 mg.L-1 of NaClO, this process technology can stably reduce COD, ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus in aquaculture wastewater to Within 50mg.L-1, 1.0mg.L-1 and 0.3mg.L-1.   Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) with different contents   Polyaluminium Ferric Chloride (PAFC)   Polyferric Sulphate (PFS)   Polyacrylamide (PAM)   With respect to so many flocculants for us to choose, it’s important to pick up the most cost-efficient one. So let us have a check on the data below.     In the low concentration area, with the increase of coagulant concentration, the pollutant removal rate increases rapidly and reaches a maximum value, after that, the concentration continues to increase, and the pollutant removal rate decreases. The four coagulants have different treatment effects on aquaculture wastewater: the optimal dosage of PFS is 45 mg /L, and the maximum removal rates are 37. 3%, 38. 10%, 68. 27%, and 22. 92% respectively and 32. 46%; the optimal dosage of PAC is 45 mg /L, and the maximum removal rate is 45.14%, 36. 05%, 69. 39%, 25. 73% and 42. 22% The optimal dosage of PAFC 30 mg/L, the removal rates were 52. 50%, 41.42%, 71. 78%, 27. 38% and 44. 37%.The optimum dosage of PAM was 10 mg/L, and the maximum removal rates were 44. 76%, 37. 35%, 64. 04%, 26. 67% and 38. 61%.   According to the comprehensive experimental results, the treatment effect of PAFC on aquaculture wastewater is obviously better than that of the other three coagulants, and the dosage is moderate, so it can be used as an ideal coagulant.   In today's environmental protection industry technology field, the coagulation-sedimentation method is widely used because of its simple process, high efficiency, and low cost. The technical key and core foundation of the coagulation method is the coagulant. Polyaluminum ferric chloride (PAFC) is an inorganic polymer flocculant with excellent performance. It has the advantages of less corrosion to equipment pipelines, and has the characteristics of fast settling of iron salt flocculants, easy separation, good low-temperature water treatment performance and wide pH range of water treatment. At the same time, it overcomes the shortcomings of high residual aluminum concentration in water after treatment with aluminum salt flocculant and poor stability of iron salt flocculant, and shows high efficiency in water coagulation and sedimentation treatment.